Built environment and its association with self-rated health in Brazilian elderly: National Health Survey 2013. / Ambiente construído e sua associação com percepção de saúde em idosos brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013.

The present study aims to investigate the association between the built environment and positive self-rated health among older adults from Brazilian capitals. It is a cross-sectional population-based study, which collected data from the National Health Survey 2013 and the Observatório das Metrópoles. The outcome was a positive self-rated health. The built environment was investigated by the Urban Wellbeing Index (IBEU, in Portuguese). Analyses were performed by multilevel logistic regression (95%CI). Among the 4,643 elderly individuals evaluated in this study, 51.5% reported a positive self-rated health (95%CI: 50.0-52.9). Elderly people living in capitals with higher IBEU terciles were more likely to have a positive self-rated health (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.08-1.86 (T2); OR: 1.78; 95%CI: 1.35-2.33 (T3)). As for the dimensions of the IBEU, the following were associated with the outcome: urban infrastructure (OR: 1.56; 95%CI: 1.13-2.16), urban environmental conditions (OR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.10-2.04), urban housing conditions (OR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.05-1.99), and urban collective services (OR: 1.72; 95%CI: 1.30-2.27). A positive association was found between better conditions of the built environment and one's perception of health, regardless of individual characteristics. Promoting changes in the built environment can be effective in improving health levels, thus favoring healthy aging.

O estudo objetivou investigar a associação entre o ambiente construído e percepção positiva de saúde em idosos das capitais brasileiras. Estudo transversal de base populacional com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e do Observatório das Metrópoles. O desfecho foi percepção positiva de saúde. O ambiente construído foi investigado por meio do Índice de Bem-Estar Urbano (IBEU). As análises foram realizadas por regressão logística multinível (IC95%). Entre os 4.643 idosos investigados, 51,5% reportaram percepção positiva de saúde (IC95%: 50,0-52,9). Idosos residentes em capitais com maiores tercis do IBEU apresentaram maiores chances de percepção positiva de saúde (OR: 1,42; IC95%: 1,08-1,86 (T2); OR: 1,78; IC95%: 1,35-2,33 (T3)). Quanto às dimensões do IBEU, associaram-se ao desfecho: a infraestrutura urbana (OR: 1,56 IC95%: 1,13-2,16), condições ambientais urbanas (OR: 1,49; IC95%: 1,10-2,04), condições habitacionais urbanas (OR: 1,45; IC95%: 1,05-1,99) e serviços coletivos urbanos (OR: 1,72; IC95%: 1,30-2,27). Evidenciou-se associação positiva entre melhores condições do ambiente construído e percepção de saúde, independente de características individuais. Promover mudanças no ambiente construído pode ser eficaz na melhora dos níveis de saúde, favorecendo o envelhecimento saudável.

Ambiente construído e sua associação com percepção de saúde em idosos brasileiros: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 / Built environment and its association with self-rated health in Brazilian elderly: National Health Survey 2013

Resumo O estudo objetivou investigar a associação entre o ambiente construído e percepção positiva de saúde em idosos das capitais brasileiras. Estudo transversal de base populacional com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 e do Observatório das Metrópoles. O desfecho foi percepção positiva de saúde. O ambiente construído foi investigado por meio do Índice de Bem-Estar Urbano (IBEU). As análises foram realizadas por regressão logística multinível (IC95%). Entre os 4.643 idosos investigados, 51,5% reportaram percepção positiva de saúde (IC95%: 50,0-52,9). Idosos residentes em capitais com maiores tercis do IBEU apresentaram maiores chances de percepção positiva de saúde (OR: 1,42; IC95%: 1,08-1,86 (T2); OR: 1,78; IC95%: 1,35-2,33 (T3)). Quanto às dimensões do IBEU, associaram-se ao desfecho: a infraestrutura urbana (OR: 1,56 IC95%: 1,13-2,16), condições ambientais urbanas (OR: 1,49; IC95%: 1,10-2,04), condições habitacionais urbanas (OR: 1,45; IC95%: 1,05-1,99) e serviços coletivos urbanos (OR: 1,72; IC95%: 1,30-2,27). Evidenciou-se associação positiva entre melhores condições do ambiente construído e percepção de saúde, independente de características individuais. Promover mudanças no ambiente construído pode ser eficaz na melhora dos níveis de saúde, favorecendo o envelhecimento saudável.

Abstract The present study aims to investigate the association between the built environment and positive self-rated health among older adults from Brazilian capitals. It is a cross-sectional population-based study, which collected data from the National Health Survey 2013 and the Observatório das Metrópoles. The outcome was a positive self-rated health. The built environment was investigated by the Urban Wellbeing Index (IBEU, in Portuguese). Analyses were performed by multilevel logistic regression (95%CI). Among the 4,643 elderly individuals evaluated in this study, 51.5% reported a positive self-rated health (95%CI: 50.0-52.9). Elderly people living in capitals with higher IBEU terciles were more likely to have a positive self-rated health (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.08-1.86 (T2); OR: 1.78; 95%CI: 1.35-2.33 (T3)). As for the dimensions of the IBEU, the following were associated with the outcome: urban infrastructure (OR: 1.56; 95%CI: 1.13-2.16), urban environmental conditions (OR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.10-2.04), urban housing conditions (OR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.05-1.99), and urban collective services (OR: 1.72; 95%CI: 1.30-2.27). A positive association was found between better conditions of the built environment and one's perception of health, regardless of individual characteristics. Promoting changes in the built environment can be effective in improving health levels, thus favoring healthy aging.

Association between healthy food environment and metabolic syndrome, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure in older adults in Southern Brazil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between healthy food outlet proximity, metabolic syndrome (MS), and two of its components, waist circumference (WC) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), in older adults (63-107 years old, median age 73 years) living in Florianópolis, South Brazil in 2013-2014. This is a cross-sectional analysis of the second wave of the EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study. Individual-level data on MS, WC, SBP, and socio-demographic and health-related characteristics were collected from face to face interviews. The healthy food environment was assessed via the number and types of establishments present. The residences of older adult participants were georeferenced using Geographical Information System (GIS) software. The number of each type of food establishment in a 500 m buffer around the each residence was determined. Multivariate linear regression was used to test association between food outlet proximity and continuous outcomes (SBP and WC), and multiple logistic regression was used to examine the relations between the predictor variables and the dichotomous outcome of MS (yes/no). The study revealed that greater frequency of supermarkets and restaurants in the neighborhood was associated with a lower likelihood of having MS. WC was lower in individuals living in places with greater availability of greengrocers' shops and restaurants. The results demonstrated that the number of establishments in a neighborhood is associated with cardiometabolic outcomes, and the likelihood of MS and increased WC is lower for older adults who live in neighborhoods with more access to establishments that sell foundational components of a healthy diet.

Clusters of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Their Association with Atherosclerosis and Chronic Inflammation among Adults and Elderly in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil. / Agrupamentos de Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólicos e sua Associação com Aterosclerose e Inflamação Crônica em Adultos e Idosos em Florianópolis, Sul do Brasil.

BACKGROUND: The significant increase in cardiovascular diseases in developing countries alerts about their impact on underprivileged populations. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship of clusters of metabolic syndrome (MS) components with atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation among adults and elderly. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis using data from two population-based cohort studies in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil (EpiFloripa Adult Cohort Study, n = 862, 39.9±11.5 years; EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study, n = 1197, 69.7±7.1 years). Blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), and lipid and glucose levels were analyzed as individual factors or as clusters (either as the number of components present in an individual or as combinations of components). Outcomes included carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), atherosclerotic plaques, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors were used. The statistical significance adopted was 5%. RESULTS: Individuals with high BP, elevated WC, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia (6.1% of the sample) showed higher IMT and CRP than those negatives for all MetS components. Elevated WC was a common determinant of systemic inflammation, while the coexistence of high BP and elevated WC (clusters of two or three factors) was associated with higher IMT (ß between +3.2 and +6.1 x 10-2 mm; p value < 0.05) and CRP (EXPß between 2.18 and 2.77; p value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The coexistence of high BP and elevated WC was associated with increased IMT and CRP levels, but central obesity affected systemic inflammation either alone or in combination with other risk factors.

FUNDAMENTO: O aumento significativo de doenças cardiovasculares em países em desenvolvimento alerta sobre seu impacto em populações carentes. OBJETIVO: Identificar a relação de agrupamentos de componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM) com aterosclerose e inflamação crônica em adultos e idosos. MÉTODOS: Análise transversal usando dados de dois estudos populacionais de tipo coorte realizados em Florianópolis, sul do Brasil (EpiFloripa Adult Cohort Study, n = 862, 39,9±11,5 anos; EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study, n = 1197, 69,7±7,1 anos). Pressão arterial (PA), circunferência da cintura (CC), e níveis plasmáticos de lipídio e glicose foram analisados como fatores individuais ou como agrupamentos de componentes da SM (como número de componentes presentes em um indivíduo ou como combinações). Os desfechos incluíram espessura intima-media carotídea (EIMC), placas ateroscleróticas, e níveis de proteína C reativa (CRP). Regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística, ajustadas quanto aos fatores de confusão, foram usadas para análise. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Indivíduos com PA e CC elevadas, dislipidemia e hiperglicemia (61,5%) apresentaram maiores valores de EIMC e PCR que aqueles que não apresentaram componentes de SM. CC elevada foi um determinante comum de inflamação sistêmica, ao passo que a coexistência de PA elevada e CC elevada (agrupamentos de dois ou três fatores) associou-se com maior EIMC (ß entre +3,2 e +6,1 x 10-2 mm; p < 0,05) e PCR (EXPß entre 2,18 e 2,77; p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A coexistência de PA e CC elevadas associou-se com maiores valores de EIMC e níveis de PCR. A obesidade central, isolada ou em combinação com outros fatores de risco, teve efeito sobre a inflamação sistêmica.

Agrupamentos de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos e sua associação com aterosclerose e inflamação crônica em adultos e idosos em florianópolis, Sul do Brasil / Clusters of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation among adults and elderly in florianópolis, Southern Brazil

Resumo Fundamento O aumento significativo de doenças cardiovasculares em países em desenvolvimento alerta sobre seu impacto em populações carentes. Objetivo Identificar a relação de agrupamentos de componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM) com aterosclerose e inflamação crônica em adultos e idosos. Métodos Análise transversal usando dados de dois estudos populacionais de tipo coorte realizados em Florianópolis, sul do Brasil (EpiFloripa Adult Cohort Study, n = 862, 39,9±11,5 anos; EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study, n = 1197, 69,7±7,1 anos). Pressão arterial (PA), circunferência da cintura (CC), e níveis plasmáticos de lipídio e glicose foram analisados como fatores individuais ou como agrupamentos de componentes da SM (como número de componentes presentes em um indivíduo ou como combinações). Os desfechos incluíram espessura intima-media carotídea (EIMC), placas ateroscleróticas, e níveis de proteína C reativa (CRP). Regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística, ajustadas quanto aos fatores de confusão, foram usadas para análise. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Indivíduos com PA e CC elevadas, dislipidemia e hiperglicemia (61,5%) apresentaram maiores valores de EIMC e PCR que aqueles que não apresentaram componentes de SM. CC elevada foi um determinante comum de inflamação sistêmica, ao passo que a coexistência de PA elevada e CC elevada (agrupamentos de dois ou três fatores) associou-se com maior EIMC (β entre +3,2 e +6,1 x 10-2 mm; p < 0,05) e PCR (EXPβ entre 2,18 e 2,77; p < 0,05). Conclusão A coexistência de PA e CC elevadas associou-se com maiores valores de EIMC e níveis de PCR. A obesidade central, isolada ou em combinação com outros fatores de risco, teve efeito sobre a inflamação sistêmica.

Abstract Background The significant increase in cardiovascular diseases in developing countries alerts about their impact on underprivileged populations. Objective To identify the relationship of clusters of metabolic syndrome (MS) components with atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation among adults and elderly. Methods Cross-sectional analysis using data from two population-based cohort studies in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil (EpiFloripa Adult Cohort Study, n = 862, 39.9±11.5 years; EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study, n = 1197, 69.7±7.1 years). Blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), and lipid and glucose levels were analyzed as individual factors or as clusters (either as the number of components present in an individual or as combinations of components). Outcomes included carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), atherosclerotic plaques, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounding factors were used. The statistical significance adopted was 5%. Results Individuals with high BP, elevated WC, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia (6.1% of the sample) showed higher IMT and CRP than those negatives for all MetS components. Elevated WC was a common determinant of systemic inflammation, while the coexistence of high BP and elevated WC (clusters of two or three factors) was associated with higher IMT (β between +3.2 and +6.1 x 10-2 mm; p value < 0.05) and CRP (EXPβ between 2.18 and 2.77; p value < 0.05). Conclusion The coexistence of high BP and elevated WC was associated with increased IMT and CRP levels, but central obesity affected systemic inflammation either alone or in combination with other risk factors.

Level of leisure-time physical activity and its association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults: a population-based study. / Nível de atividade física de lazer e sua associação com a prevalência de síndrome metabólica em adultos: estudo de base populacional.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between changes in the level of leisure-time physical activity in adults and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This is a population-based study conducted with 818 adults aged 20 years or older from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, between 2009 and 2014. We tested the association of maintenance and/or changes in the level of physical activity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, adjusted for sociodemographic variables (gender, age, schooling, income, marital status, and ethnicity) and smoking habits. We used logistic regression and estimated the odds ratios (OR) and their respective confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9% (95%CI 27.2-34.7). Regardless of adjustment variables, adults who ceased to be active and/or remained physically inactive during leisure time in the study period presented, respectively, 108 and 124% higher odds of developing metabolic syndrome (OR=2.08; 95%CI 1.30-3.33 and OR=2.24; 95%CI 1.38-3.65). Women and individuals younger than 45 years showed lower odds of having metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: This sample presented a significant association between remaining or becoming inactive and a greater chance of developing metabolic syndrome.

Nível de atividade física de lazer e sua associação com a prevalência de síndrome metabólica em adultos: estudo de base populacional / Level of leisure-time physical activity and its association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults: a population-based study

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as associações entre mudanças do nível de atividade física de lazer em adultos com a prevalência de síndrome metabólica. Métodos: Estudo de base populacional realizado com 818 adultos de 20 anos ou mais em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, entre 2009 e 2014. Testou-se a associação da manutenção e/ou mudança do nível de atividade física com a prevalência de síndrome metabólica, ajustada por variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda, estado civil e cor da pele) e tabagismo. Empregou-se regressão logística, estimando-se as razões de chance (OR) e os respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: A prevalência geral de síndrome metabólica foi de 30,9% (IC95% 27,2 - 34,7). Independentemente das variáveis de ajuste, os adultos que deixaram de ser ativos e/ou se mantiveram fisicamente inativos no lazer no período apresentaram, respectivamente, 108 e 124% maiores chances para a síndrome metabólica (OR = 2,08; IC95% 1,30 - 3,33) e (OR = 2,24; IC95% 1,38 - 3,65). As mulheres e os indivíduos com idade inferior a 45 anos apresentaram menores chances para a síndrome metabólica. Conclusões: Nesta amostra, manter-se inativo ou passar a sê-lo associou-se, significativamente, com maiores chances para a síndrome metabólica.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the associations between changes in the level of leisure-time physical activity in adults and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Methods: This is a population-based study conducted with 818 adults aged 20 years or older from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, between 2009 and 2014. We tested the association of maintenance and/or changes in the level of physical activity with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, adjusted for sociodemographic variables (gender, age, schooling, income, marital status, and ethnicity) and smoking habits. We used logistic regression and estimated the odds ratios (OR) and their respective confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9% (95%CI 27.2-34.7). Regardless of adjustment variables, adults who ceased to be active and/or remained physically inactive during leisure time in the study period presented, respectively, 108 and 124% higher odds of developing metabolic syndrome (OR=2.08; 95%CI 1.30-3.33 and OR=2.24; 95%CI 1.38-3.65). Women and individuals younger than 45 years showed lower odds of having metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: This sample presented a significant association between remaining or becoming inactive and a greater chance of developing metabolic syndrome.

Perception of neighborhood disorder and blood pressure in adults: a multilevel population-based study. / Percepção das desordens de bairro e pressão arterial em adultos: um estudo multinível de base populacional.

The aim of this study was to verify whether the perception of neighborhood physical and social disorder is associated with increased systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as to examine the influence of the residential census tract's socioeconomic status on this association. This was a cross-sectional study that included a representative sample of 1,720 adults 20 to 59 years of age living in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Two blood pressure measurements were taken, and information was collected on the perception of neighborhood disorder. The contextual variable was the mean head-of-household's years of schooling in the selected census tracts. Statistical analysis included multilevel models with the first level represented by individuals and the second by census tracts. Interaction terms were examined between schooling tertiles in the census tract and tertiles of perception of neighborhood disorder on blood pressure. No statistically significant overall associations were identified between neighborhood disorder and SBP or DBP. However, the study showed a mean increase in SBP of 7.88mmHg (95%CI: 1.38; 14.40) in subjects that perceived more neighborhood disorder and lived in census tracts with less schooling, when compared to the reference category. Public policies aimed at lowering or that have an impact on SBP and DBP in the population should also address the characteristics of the context where the population lives, specifically in contexts marked by lower levels of schooling.

O objetivo foi verificar se a percepção das desordens físicas e sociais da vizinhança está associada a uma maior pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), bem como examinar a influência do nível socioeconômico do setor censitário de residência sobre essa associação. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que incluiu uma amostra representativa de 1.720 adultos de 20 a 59 anos, residentes em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram realizadas duas medidas de pressão arterial e coletadas informações referentes à percepção das desordens no bairro de moradia. A variável contextual utilizada foi a média de anos de escolaridade do chefe da família dos setores censitários investigados. A análise estatística incluiu modelos multiníveis, com o primeiro nível representado pelos indivíduos e o segundo, pelos setores censitários. Termos de interação entre os tercis de escolaridade do setor censitário e os tercis de percepção de desordens de vizinhança sobre a pressão arterial foram examinados. Não foram identificadas associações estatisticamente significativas globais entre desordens de bairro e PAS ou PAD. Entretanto, foi identificada uma média de PAS 7,88mmHg (IC95%: 1,38; 14,40) maior entre os respondentes que percebiam mais desordens de vizinhança e residiam em um setor com menor escolaridade, quando comparados com a categoria de referência. As políticas públicas que visam a reduzir ou que tenham impacto sobre os níveis pressóricos sistólico e diastólico na população também devem considerar as características do contexto em que a população está inserida, especificamente aqueles marcados por menores níveis de escolaridade.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar si la percepción de desórdenes físicos y sociales en el vecindario está asociada a una mayor presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), así como examinar la influencia del nivel socioeconómico del sector censal de residencia sobre esta asociación. Se trata de un estudio transversal, que incluyó una muestra representativa de 1.720 adultos de 20 a 59 años, residentes en Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se realizaron dos medidas de presión arterial y se recogió información referente a la percepción de desórdenes en el barrio de residencia. La variable contextual utilizada fue la media de años de escolaridad del jefe de familia en los sectores censales investigados. El análisis estadístico incluyó modelos multiniveles, con un primer nivel representado por individuos y, el segundo, por los sectores censales. Se examinaron los términos de interacción entre los terciles de escolaridad del sector censal y los terciles de percepción de desórdenes en el vecindario sobre la presión arterial. No se identificaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas globales entre los desórdenes en el barrio y la PAS o PAD. No obstante, se identificó una media de PAS de 7,88mmHg (IC95%: 1,38; 14,40) mayor entre quienes respondían que percibían más desórdenes en el vecindario y residían en un sector con menor escolaridad, si se comparan con la categoría de referencia. Las políticas públicas que tienen como fin reducir o tener impacto sobre los niveles de presión sistólico y diastólico en la población, también deben considerar las características del contexto en el que la población está ubicada, específicamente aquellos espacios marcados por sus menores niveles de escolaridad.

Percepção das desordens de bairro e pressão arterial em adultos: um estudo multinível de base populacional / Percepción sobre desórdenes en barrios y presión arterial en adultos: un estudio multinivel con base poblacional / Perception of neighborhood disorder and blood pressure in adults: a multilevel population-based study

O objetivo foi verificar se a percepção das desordens físicas e sociais da vizinhança está associada a uma maior pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), bem como examinar a influência do nível socioeconômico do setor censitário de residência sobre essa associação. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que incluiu uma amostra representativa de 1.720 adultos de 20 a 59 anos, residentes em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram realizadas duas medidas de pressão arterial e coletadas informações referentes à percepção das desordens no bairro de moradia. A variável contextual utilizada foi a média de anos de escolaridade do chefe da família dos setores censitários investigados. A análise estatística incluiu modelos multiníveis, com o primeiro nível representado pelos indivíduos e o segundo, pelos setores censitários. Termos de interação entre os tercis de escolaridade do setor censitário e os tercis de percepção de desordens de vizinhança sobre a pressão arterial foram examinados. Não foram identificadas associações estatisticamente significativas globais entre desordens de bairro e PAS ou PAD. Entretanto, foi identificada uma média de PAS 7,88mmHg (IC95%: 1,38; 14,40) maior entre os respondentes que percebiam mais desordens de vizinhança e residiam em um setor com menor escolaridade, quando comparados com a categoria de referência. As políticas públicas que visam a reduzir ou que tenham impacto sobre os níveis pressóricos sistólico e diastólico na população também devem considerar as características do contexto em que a população está inserida, especificamente aqueles marcados por menores níveis de escolaridade.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar si la percepción de desórdenes físicos y sociales en el vecindario está asociada a una mayor presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), así como examinar la influencia del nivel socioeconómico del sector censal de residencia sobre esta asociación. Se trata de un estudio transversal, que incluyó una muestra representativa de 1.720 adultos de 20 a 59 años, residentes en Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se realizaron dos medidas de presión arterial y se recogió información referente a la percepción de desórdenes en el barrio de residencia. La variable contextual utilizada fue la media de años de escolaridad del jefe de familia en los sectores censales investigados. El análisis estadístico incluyó modelos multiniveles, con un primer nivel representado por individuos y, el segundo, por los sectores censales. Se examinaron los términos de interacción entre los terciles de escolaridad del sector censal y los terciles de percepción de desórdenes en el vecindario sobre la presión arterial. No se identificaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas globales entre los desórdenes en el barrio y la PAS o PAD. No obstante, se identificó una media de PAS de 7,88mmHg (IC95%: 1,38; 14,40) mayor entre quienes respondían que percibían más desórdenes en el vecindario y residían en un sector con menor escolaridad, si se comparan con la categoría de referencia. Las políticas públicas que tienen como fin reducir o tener impacto sobre los niveles de presión sistólico y diastólico en la población, también deben considerar las características del contexto en el que la población está ubicada, específicamente aquellos espacios marcados por sus menores niveles de escolaridad.

The aim of this study was to verify whether the perception of neighborhood physical and social disorder is associated with increased systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as to examine the influence of the residential census tract's socioeconomic status on this association. This was a cross-sectional study that included a representative sample of 1,720 adults 20 to 59 years of age living in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Two blood pressure measurements were taken, and information was collected on the perception of neighborhood disorder. The contextual variable was the mean head-of-household's years of schooling in the selected census tracts. Statistical analysis included multilevel models with the first level represented by individuals and the second by census tracts. Interaction terms were examined between schooling tertiles in the census tract and tertiles of perception of neighborhood disorder on blood pressure. No statistically significant overall associations were identified between neighborhood disorder and SBP or DBP. However, the study showed a mean increase in SBP of 7.88mmHg (95%CI: 1.38; 14.40) in subjects that perceived more neighborhood disorder and lived in census tracts with less schooling, when compared to the reference category. Public policies aimed at lowering or that have an impact on SBP and DBP in the population should also address the characteristics of the context where the population lives, specifically in contexts marked by lower levels of schooling.

Sociodemographic, behavioral, and health factors associated with positive self-perceived health of long-lived elderly residents in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. / Fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde associados à autopercepção de saúde positiva de idosos longevos residentes em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.

The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with positive self-perceived health of long-lived elderly (80+) individuals. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and included 239 elderly participants from the EpiFloripa Ageing Project. We used collection instruments to verify sociodemographic and economic data, self-reported health status, falls, and lifestyle. Then, we identified factors associated with positive self-perceived health using a Poisson regression adjusted for sex. We found that a positive self-reported health status was more prevalent among the long-lived elderly who were not depressed (PR = 0.49), and among those who consumed alcohol (PR = 1.99). Understanding which variables may interfere in the self-perceived health of the long-lived elderly can result in better health options for this population, mainly, new methods to prevent depression. Additionally, this information can help reduce costs associated with hospitalizations, medications and health treatments, all of which are very common among the long-lived elderly.

Fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde associados à autopercepção de saúde positiva de idosos longevos residentes em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina / Sociodemographic, behavioral, and health factors associated with positive self-perceived health of long-lived elderly residents in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os fatores associados à autopercepção de saúde positiva de idosos longevos (80+). Estudo transversal conduzido no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, com 239 idosos participantes do EpiFloripa Idoso. Foram aplicados instrumentos de coleta para verificar dados sociodemográficos e econômicos, autorrelato do estado de saúde, quedas e estilo de vida. Para identificar os fatores associados à autopercepção de saúde positiva, utilizou-se regressão de Poisson ajustada por sexo. A autopercepção de saúde positiva foi mais prevalente nos idosos longevos sem a presença de depressão (RP = 0,49) e que faziam consumo de álcool (RP = 1,99). Compreender quais variáveis podem interferir na autopercepção de saúde de idosos longevos auxilia em melhores ações de saúde para essa população, principalmente para evitar depressão, além de reduzir custos com internações, medicamentos e tratamentos de saúde, muito frequentes em idosos longevos.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with positive self-perceived health of long-lived elderly (80+) individuals. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and included 239 elderly participants from the EpiFloripa Ageing Project. We used collection instruments to verify sociodemographic and economic data, self-reported health status, falls, and lifestyle. Then, we identified factors associated with positive self-perceived health using a Poisson regression adjusted for sex. We found that a positive self-reported health status was more prevalent among the long-lived elderly who were not depressed (PR = 0.49), and among those who consumed alcohol (PR = 1.99). Understanding which variables may interfere in the self-perceived health of the long-lived elderly can result in better health options for this population, mainly, new methods to prevent depression. Additionally, this information can help reduce costs associated with hospitalizations, medications and health treatments, all of which are very common among the long-lived elderly.

EpiFloripa Aging cohort study: methods, operational aspects, and follow-up strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sample plan, operational aspects, and strategies used in the 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 EpiFloripa Aging Study. METHODS: The EpiFloripa Aging is a population-based longitudinal study with 1,705 older adults (60 years or more) living in the municipality of Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2009/2010 (baseline). The research was conducted with a face-to-face interviews, organized into blocks of identification, socioeconomic, mental health, health and life habits, global functionality, falls, physical activity, morbidities, use of health services, use of medications, food, oral health, and violence, evaluated in the first (2009/2010) and in the second wave (2013/2014). Additionally, in the second wave, we investigated the issue of discrimination and quality of life. RESULTS: The response rate of the first wave was 89.2% (n = 1,705). The baseline sample, with predominance of women (63.9%), was similar to the 2010 Census regarding age for women and slightly different for younger men. In the second wave, 1,197 participants were interviewed (response rate of 70.3%). Follow-up losses were only observed for the variable age group (p = 0.003), and predominantly for those aged 80 years or more. Mortality data linkage and active search for participants were used as a follow-up strategies. CONCLUSIONS: This study used strategies that were able to help locate the participants and maintain adherence, which ensured a good response rate during investigations.

EpiFloripa Aging cohort study: methods, operational aspects, and follow-up strategies / Estudo de coorte EpiFloripa Idoso: métodos, aspectos operacionais e estratégias de seguimento

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the sample plan, operational aspects, and strategies used in the 2009/2010 and 2013/2014 EpiFloripa Aging Study. METHODS The EpiFloripa Aging is a population-based longitudinal study with 1,705 older adults (60 years or more) living in the municipality of Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2009/2010 (baseline). The research was conducted with a face-to-face interviews, organized into blocks of identification, socioeconomic, mental health, health and life habits, global functionality, falls, physical activity, morbidities, use of health services, use of medications, food, oral health, and violence, evaluated in the first (2009/2010) and in the second wave (2013/2014). Additionally, in the second wave, we investigated the issue of discrimination and quality of life. RESULTS The response rate of the first wave was 89.2% (n = 1,705). The baseline sample, with predominance of women (63.9%), was similar to the 2010 Census regarding age for women and slightly different for younger men. In the second wave, 1,197 participants were interviewed (response rate of 70.3%). Follow-up losses were only observed for the variable age group (p = 0.003), and predominantly for those aged 80 years or more. Mortality data linkage and active search for participants were used as a follow-up strategies. CONCLUSIONS This study used strategies that were able to help locate the participants and maintain adherence, which ensured a good response rate during investigations.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o plano amostral, aspectos operacionais e estratégias utilizadas no Estudo EpiFloripa Idoso 2009/2010 e 2013/2014. MÉTODOS O EpiFloripa Idoso é um estudo de base populacional com 1.705 idosos (60 anos ou mais) residentes no município de Florianópolis, SC, em 2009/2010 (linha de base). A investigação foi realizada por meio de entrevista face a face, organizada nos blocos de identificação, geral (características socioeconômicas), saúde mental, saúde e hábitos de vida, funcionalidade global, quedas, atividade física, morbidades, uso de serviços de saúde, uso de medicamentos, alimentação, saúde bucal e violência, avaliados na primeira (2009/2010) e na segunda onda (2013/2014). Adicionalmente, na segunda onda, investigou-se a temática de discriminação e qualidade de vida. RESULTADOS A taxa de resposta na primeira onda foi de 89,2% (n = 1.705). A amostra da linha de base, com predomínio de mulheres (63,9%), foi semelhante ao Censo 2010 em relação à idade nas mulheres e ligeiramente diferente nos homens mais jovens. Na segunda onda, 1.197 participantes foram entrevistados (taxa de resposta de 70,3%). Houve perda de seguimento somente para a variável faixa etária (p=0,003), principalmente naqueles com 80 anos ou mais. Utilizou-se como estratégias de seguimento o relacionamento de dados e a busca ativa. CONCLUSÕES O presente estudo utilizou estratégias que conseguiram auxiliar na localização dos participantes e manutenção da aderência, o que garantiu boa taxa de resposta durante as investigações.

Prevalence of violence against the elderly and associated factors - a population based study in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina / Prevalência de violência contra idosos e fatores associados, estudo de base populacional em Florianópolis, SC

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of violence among the elderly and to analyze its association with demographic, socioeconomic and health conditions. Method: A cross sectional population-based study was conducted of 1,705 individuals aged 60 years or older living in the city of Florianópolis in the state of Santa Catarina, between 2009 to 2010. Verbal, psychological, physical and financial violence was evaluated with a questionnaire used in the Pesquisa Saúde Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (Health and Well-being in Aging Survey) (SABE). Prevalence was calculated for each type of violence and the overall prevalence of violence was identified using the categories of the explanatory variables. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with violence. Results: The general prevalence of violence was approximately 13.0%, while verbal violence occurred among 11.0% of respondents. The adjusted analysis showed that being female (OR=2.08) and elderly persons who were single or divorced were 66% more likely to suffer violence. Those who lived with their children or grandchildren were twice as likely to suffer violence (95% CI: 1:40 to 3:40). Conclusions: Although the results showed that the prevalence of violence against the elderly was greater than predicted by the WHO, we suspect that this number may be even higher. Due to the complexity of the theme, it is possible that elderly persons are afraid to reveal that they are victims of violence, as in most cases, the aggressors are family members. AU

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de violência contra idosos e analisar sua associação com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e condições de saúde. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo de base populacional, conduzido com 1.705 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, residentes em Florianópolis, SC, entre 2009 e 2010. Foram investigadas a violência verbal, psicológica, física e financeira por meio do questionário utilizado na Pesquisa Saúde Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (SABE). Foram calculadas as prevalências de cada tipo de violência e verificada a prevalência da violência geral segundo as categorias das variáveis exploratórias. Foi utilizada Regressão Logística para investigar os fatores associados à violência. Resultados: A prevalência de violência foi aproximadamente 13%. A verbal ocorreu com 11,0% dos entrevistados. A análise ajustada mostrou que, ser do sexo feminino (OR = 2.08), e idoso(a) solteiro(a) ou divorciado(a) tiveram chance 66% maior de sofrer violência. Aqueles que moram com filhos ou netos apresentam chance duas vezes maior (IC95%: 1.40-3.40). Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que a prevalência de violência contra os idosos foi acima da esperada pela OMS, porém é possível que esse número seja ainda maior, pois se trata de um assunto delicado, haja vista os idosos terem medo de revelar que estão em situação de violência, considerando-se que, na maioria das vezes, os perpetradores são os próprios familiares. AU

Anthropometric measures change and quality of life in elderly people: a longitudinal population-based study in Southern Brazil.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of anthropometric measures change on quality of life (QoL) in elderly, using measured anthropometric data on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). METHOD: Population-based cohort study investigating a sample of elderly (≥60) assessed in 2009 (n = 1705) and followed up in 2013 (n = 1197). QoL was evaluated in 2013 using the CASP-19. Variables evaluated as exposure including BMI and WC in 2009 (both standardized), categories of anthropometric measures change from 2009 to 2013 (excess weight = BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2; large WC = top quartile), and the absolute BMI and WC change in same period. Multivariate linear regressions adjusted for possible confounding factors and mediators were used. RESULTS: Both BMI and WC at baseline were associated with lower QoL scores, even after adjustment for confounding variables (ß BMI = -0.9; 95 % CI -1.5; -0.3 and ß WC = -1.0; 95 % CI -1.7; -0.4). Additionally, QoL scores were lower among elderly with excess weight (ß = -1.4; 95 % CI -2.9; 0.0) or large WC (ß = -3.3; 95 % CI -5.2; -1.4) in both waves than among those whose BMI and WC were always normal, but changes in anthropometric measures did not affect QoL. The presence of chronic diseases was a partial mediator of these associations, especially for effects of BMI change. Anthropometric measures change treated as a continuous variable was not associated with QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Having excess weight and large WC in both waves was associated with lower QoL scores in elderly, but changing the anthropometric measures did not affect this outcome. Maintaining weight and WC within normal limits during aging can help to preserve QoL.

Demographic, health conditions, and lifestyle factors associated with urinary incontinence in elderly from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil / Fatores demográficos, condições de saúde e hábitos de vida associados à incontinência urinária em idosos de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in the elderly population of Florianópolis, in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados à incontinência urinária na população idosa de Florianópolis, no Estado de Santa Catarina.

Demographic, health conditions, and lifestyle factors associated with urinary incontinence in elderly from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in the elderly population of Florianópolis, in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. METHODS: We used data from EpiFloripa Idoso 2009/2010 survey, a cross-sectional population-based study including 1,705 elderly of both the sexes. Poisson's regression (crude and adjusted analysis) was applied to verify the association between the urinary incontinence outcome and exploratory variables (sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health conditions). RESULTS: Among the elderly, 29.4% reported urinary incontinence; 36.3% were women and 17.0% men. The factors associated with greater prevalence of urinary incontinence were being female, aged more than 70 years old, having 0 to 4 schooling years, being insufficiently active, having bronchitis or asthma, stroke or cerebral ischemia, presenting mild or moderate/severe dependence, and polypharmacy. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of urinary incontinence was high among the investigated elderly. Sociodemographic variables and those related to lifestyle and health conditions were associated with higher prevalence of urinary incontinence. Knowledge of the factors associated with urinary incontinence in aged individuals can guide actions to reduce and prevent this important issue, which affects the elderly.

Positive self-rated health in the elderly: a population-based study in the South of Brazil.

The objective was to identify factors associated with positive self-rated health in the elderly in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, in the South of Brazil. This population-based cross-sectional study evaluated 1,705 elderly. Self-rated health was classified as positive (very good or good) or negative (fair, poor, and very poor). Crude and adjusted Poisson regression was used to identify associated factors. Prevalence of positive self-rated health was 51.2%, associated with male gender (PR = 1.13), more than 5 years of schooling, moderate (PR = 1.33) or high alcohol intake (PR = 1.37), leisure-time activity (PR = 1.20), Internet use (PR = 1.21), fewer diseases, mild/moderate dependence (PR = 2.20) or no dependence (PR = 2.67), no falls (PR = 1.19), and non-use of polypharmacy (PR = 1.27). Several modifiable factors were identified that can affect positive self-rated health in the elderly and contribute to the development of strategies to improve their quality of life.

Autopercepção positiva de saúde em idosos: estudo populacional no Sul do Brasil / Positive self-rated health in the elderly: a population-based study in the South of Brazil / Positive self-rated health in the elderly: a population-based study in the South of Brazil / Autopercepción positiva de salud en ancianos: estudio poblacional en el Sur de Brasil

O objetivo foi identificar fatores associados à autopercepção positiva de saúde em idosos de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. Trata- se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.705 idosos. A autopercepção de saúde foi classificada como positiva (muito boa e boa) e negativa (regular, ruim e muito ruim). A regressão bruta e ajustada de Poisson foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados. A prevalência do desfecho foi de 51,2%, associada positivamente ao sexo masculino (RP = 1,13), ter mais de 5 anos de estudo, consumo moderado (RP = 1,33) ou alto de álcool (RP = 1,37), ser ativo no lazer (RP = 1,20), utilizar Internet (RP = 1,21), menor número de morbidades, dependência leve/moderada (RP = 2,20) ou nenhuma (RP = 2,67), não sofrer quedas (RP = 1,19) e não fazer uso de polifarmácia (RP = 1,27). Foram identificados diversos fatores modificáveis que podem interferir na autopercepção de saúde positiva de idosos e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para melhorar a qualidade de vida desses.

El objetivo fue identificar factores asociados a la autopercepción positiva de salud en ancianos de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, sur de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal, de base poblacional, con 1.705 ancianos. La autopercepción de salud fue clasificada como positiva (muy buena y buena) y negativa (regular, mala y muy mala). La regresión bruta y ajustada de Poisson se utilizó para identificar los factores asociados. La prevalencia del desenlace fue 51,2%, asociada positivamente al sexo masculino (RP = 1,13), contar con más de 5 años de estudios, consumo moderado (RP = 1,33) o alto consumo de alcohol (RP = 1,37), ser activo durante el tiempo de ocio (RP = 1,20), utilizar Internet (RP = 1,21), menor número de morbilidades, dependencia leve/moderada (RP = 2,20) o ninguna (RP = 2,67), no sufrir caídas (RP = 1,19) y no polimedicarse (RP = 1,27). Se identificaron diversos factores modificables que pueden interferir en la autopercepción de salud positiva de los ancianos y contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias para mejorar su calidad de vida.

The objective was to identify factors associated with positive self-rated health in the elderly in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, in the South of Brazil. This population-based cross-sectional study evaluated 1,705 elderly. Self-rated health was classified as positive (very good or good) or negative (fair, poor, and very poor). Crude and adjusted Poisson regression was used to identify associated factors. Prevalence of positive self-rated health was 51.2%, associated with male gender (PR = 1.13), more than 5 years of schooling, moderate (PR = 1.33) or high alcohol intake (PR = 1.37), leisure-time activity (PR = 1.20), Internet use (PR = 1.21), fewer diseases, mild/moderate dependence (PR = 2.20) or no dependence (PR = 2.67), no falls (PR = 1.19), and non-use of polypharmacy (PR = 1.27). Several modifiable factors were identified that can affect positive self-rated health in the elderly and contribute to the development of strategies to improve their quality of life.

[Mammogram screening for breast cancer and associated factors in the South of Brazil: a based-population survey]. / Rastreamento mamográfico do câncer de mama no Sul do Brasil e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with annual mammogram screening in women 40 to 69 years of age in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Data were obtained from two population studies with independent samples, one with adult women and the other with elderly women, in 2009-2010. Prevalence rates for annual mammogram screening were estimated by crude and adjusted Poisson regression. Overall prevalence of annual mammograms in adult women was 43.5% (95%CI: 38.8-48.2) and was higher in women with private health insurance. In elderly women, prevalence was 38.3% (95%CI: 34.0-42.6), with the following associated factors: marital status (married/with partner), schooling (> 5 years), and highest income quartile. Mammogram screening should be independent of socioeconomic status and age in order to reduce mortality from breast cancer.